Best John Deere Hay Preservative Applicator Kit – On Sale Now!


Best John Deere Hay Preservative Applicator Kit - On Sale Now!

This agricultural equipment is a specialised system designed for the even software of chemical brokers to freshly reduce forage, resembling alfalfa or grasses, through the baling course of. It usually contains a shelling out unit, a management mechanism, and a collection of nozzles strategically positioned on the baler. These elements work in live performance to ship a exact quantity of the preservative, guaranteeing sufficient remedy of the hay because it enters the baling chamber. The general purpose is to mitigate spoilage and protect the dietary worth of the harvested crop.

The importance of this know-how lies in its capability to increase the baling window, permitting producers to reap hay at larger moisture ranges than would in any other case be possible. This interprets to a discount in leaf loss through the drying course of, leading to a higher-quality feed product with improved protein and nutrient content material. Traditionally, reliance on pure drying strategies usually led to important losses because of climate unpredictability. The introduction of this tools supplied an answer, enabling elevated operational effectivity and diminished dependence on favorable climate circumstances for hay manufacturing.

The next sections will delve into particular fashions and their options, set up and upkeep concerns, operational finest practices, and the financial benefits derived from using this sort of system. Additional exploration will embody a assessment of various kinds of hay preservatives and their influence on forage high quality, alongside a comparative evaluation of assorted applicator applied sciences out there in the marketplace.

1. Software Accuracy

Within the realm of forage conservation, exact software stands as a cornerstone. It’s the distinction between a bountiful yield of nutritious hay and a area of wasted potential. The effectiveness of a “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” is inextricably linked to its means to ship the correct quantity of preservative, on the proper place, on the proper time. A system famend for its energy is rendered ineffective if it can’t apply the preservative evenly.

  • Nozzle Calibration and Upkeep

    The nozzles are the ultimate level of supply, the place the preservative meets the forage. If a nozzle is clogged, worn, or misaligned, the appliance turns into uneven. This manifests as patches of untreated hay, ripe for mould progress, alongside areas saturated with preservative, doubtlessly affecting palatability. Common calibration and diligent upkeep of nozzles are essential, guaranteeing a constant spray sample throughout the width of the baler pickup.

  • Move Fee Management and Monitoring

    The system’s means to precisely management and monitor the move charge of the preservative is paramount. Fluctuations in move charge can result in under-application, jeopardizing preservation, or over-application, growing prices and doubtlessly affecting feed high quality. Subtle “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” fashions usually incorporate sensors and management techniques that constantly monitor and alter the move charge, compensating for modifications in baling velocity and forage moisture content material.

  • Protection Uniformity Throughout Windrow

    Hay windrows are not often completely uniform. Variations in density and width demand a system able to adjusting to those inconsistencies. A well-designed “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” accounts for these variations, distributing the preservative evenly throughout all the windrow because it enters the baler. This will likely contain a number of nozzles, strategically positioned and individually adjustable, to make sure complete protection even in difficult circumstances.

  • Integration with Baler Sensors

    Probably the most superior techniques combine seamlessly with baler sensors, offering real-time knowledge on components resembling moisture content material and baling velocity. This knowledge permits the applicator to dynamically alter the preservative software charge, optimizing it for the precise circumstances encountered. Such integration minimizes waste, maximizes preservation effectiveness, and offers beneficial knowledge for optimizing future harvests. This data-driven method marks a major leap in forage administration.

Finally, the “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” is greater than only a machine; it is a essential part in a bigger system. The accuracy with which it performs its activity instantly influences the standard and worth of the harvested forage. Due to this fact, consideration to element, correct upkeep, and a dedication to precision are important for realizing the total potential of this know-how.

2. Preservative Varieties

The success of any forage preservation technique rests not solely on the equipment employed, but in addition on the chemical brokers chosen for the duty. A “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment,” irrespective of how refined, is just as efficient because the preservative it dispenses. The selection of preservative turns into a silent companion within the course of, its properties dictating the diploma of safety afforded to the harvested crop. The choice and cautious consideration of its compatibility with the applicator is significant to the farm’s success.

  • Natural Acids: The Alchemist’s Contact

    Natural acids, resembling propionic and acetic acid, signify the cornerstone of hay preservation. Their operate is to inhibit the expansion of molds and micro organism that thrive in moist hay, stopping spoilage and nutrient loss. Propionic acid, particularly, is famend for its efficacy in opposition to a broad spectrum of spoilage organisms. Think about a farmer battling an impending storm, the hay solely partially dry. Software of a propionic acid-based preservative by means of the “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” turns into a race in opposition to time, a protecting protect in opposition to the inevitable microbial invasion that may in any other case render the hay nugatory.

  • Buffered Acids: A Gentler Strategy

    Buffered acids supply a modified method, combining natural acids with buffering brokers like ammonium propionate. These brokers scale back the corrosiveness and volatility of the acid, making them safer to deal with and fewer susceptible to inflicting tools injury. Envision a situation the place a younger farmhand is tasked with filling the applicator tank. The diminished fuming and milder odor of buffered acids decrease the chance of respiratory irritation, making a safer working surroundings. A “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” designed for compatibility with buffered acids ensures the integrity of the system’s elements, extending its lifespan and minimizing upkeep prices.

  • Inoculants: Harnessing the Energy of Biology

    Inoculants signify a unique method, using helpful micro organism to advertise fermentation and inhibit the expansion of spoilage organisms. These merchandise usually comprise strains of lactic acid micro organism that quickly convert sugars within the hay into lactic acid, reducing the pH and creating an surroundings unfavorable to molds and undesirable micro organism. Image a forward-thinking farmer experimenting with organic preservation, fastidiously calibrating the “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” to ship a exact dose of inoculant to the forage. The success of this method hinges on the right circumstances for bacterial progress, making it a extra nuanced, however doubtlessly extra sustainable, technique of preservation.

  • Enzymes: Unlocking Hidden Potential

    Enzymes may also play a job in hay preservation, breaking down advanced carbohydrates into less complicated sugars which are extra readily fermented by helpful micro organism. This may improve the effectiveness of inoculants and enhance the general digestibility of the hay. Think about a livestock producer looking for to maximise the dietary worth of their hay. Supplementing the “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” with an enzyme-based product might unlock extra vitality and vitamins, resulting in improved animal efficiency and diminished feed prices.

The cautious matching of preservative kind to the precise forage, environmental circumstances, and the capabilities of the “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” is paramount. A deep understanding of the properties of every preservative, its software necessities, and its potential influence on forage high quality is crucial for maximizing the advantages of this know-how. This information empowers producers to make knowledgeable selections, guaranteeing the preservation of their beneficial hay crop and the profitability of their operations.

3. Baler Integration

The story of a profitable hay harvest usually hinges on a partnership, a fastidiously orchestrated dance between the baler and the “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment.” The applicator, a devoted instrument, can’t act independently. It requires the baler, a a lot bigger and extra advanced machine, as its platform and its information. The applicator’s effectiveness is tied inextricably to how effectively it integrates with the baler’s operations. For instance, take into account a spherical baler transferring by means of a area of freshly reduce alfalfa. With out correct integration, the applicator would possibly spray preservative haphazardly, lacking sections of the windrow fully or saturating others. This results in inconsistent preservation, pockets of mould, and finally, misplaced feed worth. The trigger: poor baler integration. The impact: wasted effort and diminished income.

Efficient baler integration manifests in a number of key methods. First, the applicator have to be securely mounted and correctly positioned on the baler, usually close to the pickup or consumption. This ensures that the preservative is utilized because the hay enters the baling chamber. Second, the applicator’s controls should be readily accessible and simply adjustable from the baler’s operator station. This enables the operator to fine-tune the appliance charge based mostly on altering circumstances, resembling variations in windrow density or moisture content material. Third, the applicator ought to ideally be synchronized with the baler’s actions, robotically adjusting the appliance charge in response to modifications in floor velocity. Think about a farmer encountering a very dense part of windrow. A well-integrated system robotically will increase the preservative move, stopping spoilage. Conversely, when the farmer slows down, the system reduces the move, conserving preservative and avoiding over-application.

The sensible significance of understanding baler integration can’t be overstated. A poorly built-in “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” turns into a legal responsibility, including complexity and value with out delivering the specified outcomes. Conversely, a well-integrated system turns into an indispensable software, empowering farmers to reap higher-quality hay, scale back spoilage losses, and enhance the general effectivity of their operations. The partnership between baler and applicator, when correctly executed, turns into a narrative of success, a testomony to the ability of cautious planning and technological innovation in trendy agriculture.

4. Moisture Management

The flexibility to handle moisture content material throughout hay manufacturing just isn’t merely a fascinating trait however a pivotal determinant of success or failure. A “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” enters this narrative as a strategic intervention, an instrument designed to mitigate the dangers inherent in harvesting forage with elevated moisture ranges. The interaction between these two elementsmoisture management and the preservative applicatordefines the standard and longevity of the saved hay.

  • The Peril of Extra: Mould and Spoilage

    Hay baled with extreme moisture turns into a breeding floor for molds and micro organism. Warmth technology throughout the bales accelerates, resulting in spontaneous combustion in excessive circumstances or, extra generally, a major lack of dietary worth. Think about a tightly packed bale, seemingly sound, but internally harboring a thriving colony of spoilage organisms. This unseen menace reduces the hay’s palatability and digestibility, diminishing its price as feed. The “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” provides a protection in opposition to this insidious decay, creating an surroundings much less hospitable to those harmful brokers.

  • Extending the Baling Window: Harvesting Alternatives

    Conventional haymaking depends closely on pure drying, demanding prolonged durations of favorable climate. This dependence restricts the harvesting window, usually forcing producers to delay baling till the hay is sufficiently dry. Delays inevitably result in leaf shatter and nutrient loss, diminishing the standard of the ultimate product. The “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” broadens the baling window, permitting farmers to reap at larger moisture ranges with out worry of spoilage. This flexibility interprets to elevated yields, improved forage high quality, and diminished reliance on unpredictable climate patterns.

  • Preservative Motion: A Chemical Barrier

    Preservatives utilized by means of a “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” inhibit the expansion of molds and micro organism by disrupting their metabolic processes. Natural acids, for instance, decrease the pH of the hay, creating an surroundings that these spoilage organisms can’t tolerate. Inoculants, alternatively, introduce helpful micro organism that outcompete the undesirable microorganisms. The applicator ensures even distribution of the preservative, making a uniform barrier in opposition to spoilage all through the bale. This safety permits the hay to take care of its dietary worth and palatability over prolonged storage durations.

  • Monitoring and Adjustment: Precision Administration

    Efficient moisture management calls for fixed vigilance and adjustment. Fashionable “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” fashions usually incorporate sensors that constantly monitor the moisture content material of the hay because it enters the baler. This knowledge permits the operator to fine-tune the preservative software charge in real-time, optimizing it for the precise circumstances encountered. This precision administration minimizes waste, maximizes preservative effectiveness, and ensures that the hay is sufficiently protected in opposition to spoilage. It transforms the haymaking course of from a raffle right into a science.

The connection between moisture management and a “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” is due to this fact not merely incidental however elementary. The applicator turns into a software for proactive moisture administration, permitting producers to navigate the inherent dangers of hay manufacturing with higher confidence and management. It’s a know-how that transforms uncertainty right into a manageable variable, contributing to each the standard and the profitability of the harvest.

5. System Calibration

The “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment”, a testomony to trendy agricultural ingenuity, stands as a sentinel in opposition to the vagaries of climate and the relentless march of spoilage. But, its efficacy hinges on a seemingly mundane course of: system calibration. This isn’t mere fine-tuning; it’s the lifeblood of all the operation. With out exact calibration, the applicator, regardless of its technological sophistication, turns into a purveyor of both inadequate safety or wasteful extra, a raffle in opposition to the very forces it’s designed to overcome. Contemplate the narrative of a seasoned hay farmer within the Midwest. Yr after yr, he relied on his applicator, assuming its constant efficiency. One season, nevertheless, an undetected challenge with the move meter led to under-application of the preservative. The outcome: important hay loss because of mould, a expensive reminder that even probably the most dependable tools calls for unwavering consideration to calibration.

The implications of neglecting calibration prolong past quick monetary losses. Over-application, whereas seemingly a safer route, presents its personal set of issues. Extreme preservative can negatively influence the palatability of the hay, resulting in diminished feed consumption by livestock. Furthermore, it represents an pointless expenditure, diminishing the general profitability of the hay operation. Correct calibration requires a methodical method, starting with a radical inspection of all elements, from the pump and nozzles to the move meter and management system. Common testing, utilizing calibrated containers to measure the precise output, is crucial to confirm that the applicator is delivering the right amount of preservative at completely different move charges. The appearance of digital management techniques has simplified this course of, offering real-time suggestions and permitting for exact changes. Nonetheless, even these superior techniques require periodic verification to make sure their accuracy stays inside acceptable limits.

In essence, system calibration just isn’t a one-time activity however an ongoing dedication, a silent guardian of hay high quality and profitability. It calls for a mix of technical experience, meticulous consideration to element, and a profound understanding of the fragile stability between safety and waste. The “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” represents a robust software within the fingers of the hay producer, however its true potential can solely be realized by means of the unwavering adherence to the rules of correct and constant calibration. It’s a testomony to the truth that even probably the most superior know-how requires a human contact to unlock its full potential, a human contact guided by information and a dedication to excellence.

6. Lengthy-Time period Financial savings

The preliminary funding in a “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” would possibly seem as an added expense to the already substantial prices of hay manufacturing. Nonetheless, a deeper examination reveals that this tools, when successfully utilized, can unlock a cascade of long-term financial savings, reworking the economics of forage administration. It’s a strategic maneuver, a fastidiously thought-about funding that pays dividends far past the quick harvest.

  • Diminished Spoilage: Averting Loss, Preserving Worth

    Probably the most direct and compelling supply of long-term financial savings stems from the discount of hay spoilage. Untreated hay, particularly when baled at larger moisture ranges, is vulnerable to mould progress and nutrient loss. Spoilage not solely diminishes the amount of usable hay but in addition degrades its high quality, lowering its worth as feed. Think about a cattle rancher going through a harsh winter. A good portion of the saved hay, harvested with out preservative, is now moldy and unpalatable. The rancher should buy supplemental feed, eroding income and jeopardizing the herd’s well being. The “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” mitigates this danger, preserving the hay’s dietary worth and eliminating the necessity for expensive replacements.

  • Prolonged Baling Window: Capturing Alternatives, Avoiding Delays

    Reliance on pure drying strategies constrains the baling window, forcing producers to attend for prolonged durations of favorable climate. Delays usually result in leaf shatter, a major lack of beneficial protein and vitamins. Furthermore, the chance of rain injury will increase because the hay stays within the area. The “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” expands the baling window, permitting producers to reap at larger moisture ranges with out worry of spoilage. This flexibility interprets to elevated yields, improved forage high quality, and diminished dependence on unpredictable climate patterns. Contemplate a dairy farmer going through an approaching storm. With the applicator, the farmer can bale the hay earlier than the rain arrives, securing a beneficial crop that may in any other case be misplaced.

  • Improved Feed Effectivity: Maximizing Features, Minimizing Waste

    Excessive-quality hay, preserved with a “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment”, interprets to improved feed effectivity. Livestock consuming this hay require much less supplemental feed to take care of their well being and productiveness. This discount in feed prices can considerably influence the profitability of livestock operations, particularly during times of excessive feed costs. A well-nourished herd additionally reveals improved progress charges, elevated milk manufacturing, and enhanced reproductive efficiency, additional contributing to long-term financial savings. It is a ripple impact, a series response of optimistic outcomes stemming from a single, strategic funding.

  • Diminished Labor Prices: Streamlining Operations, Optimizing Assets

    Whereas usually neglected, the “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” can contribute to diminished labor prices. The flexibility to bale at larger moisture ranges shortens the drying time required within the area, permitting producers to finish their harvest extra rapidly. This reduces the quantity of labor wanted for duties resembling tedding and raking. Furthermore, the diminished danger of spoilage minimizes the necessity for re-baling broken hay, releasing up labor for different important farm operations. Contemplate a small household farm struggling to handle their hay harvest with restricted manpower. The applicator permits them to streamline their operations, maximizing their effectivity and lowering their reliance on exterior labor.

The “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment”, due to this fact, represents greater than only a piece of kit; it’s a catalyst for long-term financial savings, a strategic funding that enhances the profitability and sustainability of hay manufacturing. Its advantages prolong past the quick harvest, impacting the standard of feed, the effectivity of livestock operations, and the general resilience of the farm. It is a story of foresight, a testomony to the ability of cautious planning and technological innovation in trendy agriculture.

Regularly Requested Questions

The employment of a “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” raises quite a few inquiries, usually stemming from a mix of sensible expertise and financial concerns. Addressing these considerations with readability and precision is paramount for guaranteeing knowledgeable decision-making in forage administration.

Query 1: Does the “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” genuinely justify its price, contemplating the prevailing reliance on conventional drying strategies?

The story of a Wisconsin dairy farmer illustrates this level. For years, he diligently sun-cured his hay, a course of fraught with climate dependency and inevitable leaf loss. A late-season rain, nevertheless, decimated his crop, highlighting the vulnerability of his method. The next adoption of a preservative applicator, particularly a “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment”, allowed him to bale earlier, seize extra vitamins, and finally safe the next yield, thereby justifying the preliminary funding.

Query 2: What stage of technical experience is required to function and preserve a “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” successfully?

The misperception that refined equipment calls for specialist information is commonly a barrier to adoption. Nonetheless, the narrative of a younger apprentice on a Montana ranch provides a unique perspective. Initially hesitant, he rapidly mastered the applicator’s controls by means of devoted coaching offered by the dealership. Common upkeep, guided by the tools’s handbook, grew to become a routine activity, dispelling the notion that specialised experience is a prerequisite.

Query 3: Are there particular forage sorts for which the “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” is kind of appropriate?

The expertise of a hay producer in Kentucky underscores this level. Whereas the applicator proved extremely efficient for preserving alfalfa and grass hay, its software to legumes like clover required cautious consideration. The inherent moisture content material and stem construction of clover demanded exact calibration and a selected preservative formulation to forestall spoilage, highlighting the significance of tailoring the system to the forage kind.

Query 4: How does the appliance of preservatives by means of a “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” influence the palatability and dietary worth of the hay for livestock?

A comparative feeding trial carried out by a veterinary nutritionist in Iowa offers beneficial insights. Hay handled with a “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” exhibited decrease mould counts and better ranges of digestible vitamins in comparison with untreated hay. Livestock readily consumed the handled hay, demonstrating no aversion to the preservative, and exhibited improved weight acquire and total well being.

Query 5: What’s the typical lifespan and upkeep schedule for a “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment”, and are alternative components available?

The meticulous record-keeping of a Kansas hay farmer provides a sensible perspective. Over a decade of use, his applicator required routine upkeep, together with nozzle cleansing and occasional pump alternative. The supply of real John Deere alternative components ensured minimal downtime, extending the tools’s lifespan and preserving its operational effectivity.

Query 6: Can the usage of a “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” get rid of the necessity for correct hay storage practices?

The unlucky expertise of a Texas rancher serves as a cautionary story. Regardless of using a preservative applicator, he uncared for correct hay storage, leaving the bales uncovered to rain and humidity. The ensuing spoilage highlighted the crucial significance of mixing preservative remedy with sound storage practices to make sure long-term hay preservation.

In conclusion, the “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” represents a beneficial software in forage administration, however its effectiveness hinges on knowledgeable decision-making, diligent operation, and a complete understanding of its limitations. These FAQs intention to handle frequent considerations and supply sensible insights for maximizing the advantages of this know-how.

The subsequent part will delve into case research and real-world functions of the “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment”, offering additional proof of its influence on forage manufacturing.

Operational Knowledge

The annals of agricultural follow whisper cautionary tales and triumphant successes, usually hinging on the right software of information. When wielding a “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment,” sure rules function beacons, guiding the operator towards optimum forage preservation. These usually are not mere options; they’re hard-earned classes etched within the recollections of those that have toiled within the fields.

Tip 1: Know the Enemy: Moisture’s Treachery

Moisture, the lifeblood of progress, transforms right into a saboteur throughout the confines of a hay bale. Earlier than partaking the “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment”, assess the forage’s moisture content material with unwavering accuracy. A Nebraska cattleman as soon as lamented the lack of a complete hay stack, a consequence of misjudging moisture ranges and prematurely halting preservative software. Calibration, due to this fact, turns into a preemptive strike, an act of vigilance in opposition to unseen decay.

Tip 2: The Artwork of Equilibrium: Preservative Dosage

The fragile stability between sufficient safety and wasteful extra defines the ability of the applicator operator. An Oklahoma hay farmer, pushed by a want for absolute certainty, doubled the really useful preservative dosage. The outcome: unpalatable hay, rejected by his livestock, a harsh lesson within the significance of adhering to established pointers. Exact calibration, guided by the producer’s specs, is the important thing to attaining this equilibrium.

Tip 3: Vigilance in Movement: Nozzle Scrutiny

The nozzles, the ultimate arbiters of preservative distribution, demand fixed scrutiny. A clogged or malfunctioning nozzle creates a void in safety, a susceptible level the place mould can take maintain. A Tennessee horse breeder, after discovering pockets of mould inside his bales, traced the difficulty again to {a partially} obstructed nozzle. Common inspection and cleansing, due to this fact, usually are not mere upkeep duties; they’re acts of proactive protection.

Tip 4: The Symphony of Integration: Baler Concord

The “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” just isn’t a solitary instrument; it’s a member of an agricultural orchestra, its efficiency intricately linked to the baler’s operations. A poorly synchronized system, the place the applicator lags behind the baler’s tempo, leaves parts of the windrow unprotected. Cautious adjustment and synchronization are important to make sure a harmonious and complete software.

Tip 5: Knowledge as a Compass: Document-Protecting Diligence

The act of record-keeping transforms expertise into knowledge, offering a compass for future endeavors. A Kansas wheat farmer, by means of meticulous documentation of preservative utilization and hay high quality, recognized delicate patterns and refined his software methods. This data-driven method allowed him to optimize his system, attaining persistently superior outcomes.

Tip 6: The Lengthy Recreation: Storage Protocol Adherence

Even probably the most meticulously utilized preservative can’t negate the results of improper storage. Leaving bales uncovered to the weather invitations moisture infiltration and accelerates spoilage. A Colorado rancher, regardless of using a “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment,” suffered important losses because of insufficient storage practices. Adherence to established storage protocols, due to this fact, is the ultimate safeguard within the preservation course of.

By embracing these rules, born from the crucible of expertise, operators can harness the total potential of the “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment”, reworking it from a mere machine right into a dependable ally within the pursuit of high-quality forage.

The next part will discover superior troubleshooting methods, offering steerage for addressing frequent operational challenges.

A Legacy Preserved

The narrative surrounding the “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” has been one in every of diligent examination, transferring from its elementary function to the intricacies of its operation and the long-term implications of its use. Every part explored a aspect of this know-how, from the science of preservative sorts to the artwork of system calibration. The collective understanding reveals this tools as greater than a mere attachment to a baler. It represents a proactive stance in opposition to the uncertainties inherent in forage manufacturing, a calculated funding within the high quality and longevity of a significant agricultural useful resource.

The land whispers tales of seasons previous, of fortunes misplaced and gained on the whims of climate and the ever-present menace of spoilage. The “john deere hay preservative applicator equipment” provides a level of management, an opportunity to form a extra predictable future. Its legacy won’t be outlined solely by the machines themselves, however by the fingers that wield them, the information that guides their use, and the dedication to preserving the fruits of their labor for generations to return. It asks a query: will that story be advised in success?

close
close